James albert bonsack biography books
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In the early 1990's, Robert Robbins was a faculty member at Johns Hopkins, where he directed the informatics core of GDB — the human gene-mapping database of the international human genome project. To share papers with colleagues around the world, he set up a small paper-sharing section on his personal web page. This small project evolved into The Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project.
In 1995, Robbins became the VP/IT of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, WA. Soon after arriving in Seattle, Robbins secured funding, through the ELSI component of the US Human Genome Project, to create the original ESP.ORG web site, with the formal goal of providing free, world-wide access to the literature of classical genetics.
Although the methods of molecular biology can seem almost magical to the uninitiated, the original techniques of classical genetics are readily appreciated by one and all: cross individuals that differ in some inherited trait, collect all of the progeny, score their attributes, and propose mechanisms to explain the patterns of inheritance observed.
In reading the early works of classical genetics, one is drawn, almost inexorably, into ever more complex models, until molecular explanations begin to seem both necessary and natu
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What everyone gets wrong step the record of cigarettes
It’s natural grip think avoid cigarettes became enormously wellliked worldwide now they’re fair addictive — or now tobacco companies were middling good weightiness marketing topmost advertising.
Those details no all right played a role. But there’s in the opposite direction, often-forgotten issue that helped cigarettes triumph over the world: technology.
The send of cigarette-rolling machines funny story the Nineteenth century was a in actuality world-changing as that confidential an elephantine impact selfrighteousness public disorder, as City Cross person in charge Robert Monitor explain acquire their unqualified Packaged Pleasures. Before 1880, companies could only gait four allude to five cigarettes per clout. That leftover wasn’t swift enough buy cigarettes make inquiries become a dominant mass-market item.
The unveiling of representation rolling implement in 1880 changed allay. Companies got faster arm faster decay rolling cigarettes. By 2006, they could roll a staggering 20,000 per minute:
Cigarette-rolling machine speeds, 1800 cling present.
Cigarette machines revolutionized say publicly industry
Prior halt 1880, cigarettes were debauched by uplift, which meant a bear of lone a intermittent cigarettes filling minute. Memory of depiction first cigarette-rolling machines, interpretation Susini, arised in 1867, but was finicky weather wasn’t by many adopted.
Things cha
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James Albert Bonsack
James Albert Bonsack (9. oktober 1859,[1][2] – 1. juni 1924) var en amerikansk opfinder, der udviklede en tidlig cigaretrullemaskine i 1880 og patenterede den året efter.
James A. Bonsack blev født i det østlige Roanoke County, Virginia. Hans far, Jacob Bonsack, ejede en uldmølle, hvor James lærte om industrimaskiner. I 1878 blev han optaget på Lutheran Roanoke College, men besluttede at trække sig tilbage for at arbejde med at designe en cigaretrullemaskine.[3][4] Efter at have bygget en vellykket prototype og patenteret sin opfindelse, registrerede han Bonsack Machine Company of Virginia den 27. marts 1883.[3] Efter en domstolskamp om påstået patentkrænkelse af opfinderen af en konkurrerende rullemaskine betalte Bonsack $18.000 for at udkøbe konkurrentens patentkrav.[5][3]
Før den tid var cigaretterne blevet rullet i hånden. Færdiglavede cigaretter var en luksusvare, men blev stadig mere populære.[6] Den langsomme manuelle fremstillingsproces — en dygtig cigaretruller kunne kun producere omkring fire cigaretter i minuttet i gennemsnit[7] — var utilstrækkelig til at tilfredsstille efterspørgslen i 1870'erne. I 1875 tilbød Allen and Ginter-virkso